Marketing Insights

GA4 Terms You Actually Need to Know

A Clear (Actually Readable) Guide to Google Analytics

Google Analytics 4 (GA4) can tell you a lot about what happens after someone arrives on your website. It can show you how people found you, which pages brought them in, what content they interacted with, and whether they ultimately took an action that matters to your organization. 

The harder part is understanding what all of that information means, and knowing where to find the information that's actually useful. 

That's why we're breaking down GA4 reporting in a three-part series designed to make website analytics a little easier to understand. We'll start with the terminology you're most likely to encounter, then take a closer look at UTM tracking and how it helps measure individual marketing efforts, and finally explore some of the GA4 reports that can help answer common marketing questions. 

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First Up: The Vocabulary!

Terms You’re Likely to See

GA4 uses its own language to describe website traffic and user behavior, and some terms that sound similar actually measure very different things. Understanding a handful of key metrics can make analytics reports much easier to interpret, and much more useful for future strategy. 

Here are some of the GA4 terms you're most likely to encounter and what they actually tell you. 

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User

A user is an individual visitor to your website. One person can visit your website multiple times, so your number of users and your number of sessions will rarely be the same.

Active User

An active user is someone who actively engaged with your website during the reporting period. GA4 places significant emphasis on active users because simply loading a website doesn’t necessarily mean someone meaningfully interacted with it.

New User

A new user is someone GA4 identifies as visiting your website for the first time. Comparing new and returning visitors can help you understand whether your website is primarily attracting new audiences, bringing existing audiences back, or doing a little of both.

Session

A session is a group of interactions that take place during a visit to your website. One user can generate multiple sessions. For example, someone who visits your website Monday morning and returns Thursday afternoon would generally account for one user but multiple sessions.

Engaged Session

An engaged session is a visit that meets GA4’s criteria for meaningful engagement. Generally, a session is considered engaged when it lasts longer than 10 seconds, includes a key event, or includes at least two page or screen views. This helps distinguish quick visits from sessions where someone spent more time exploring or taking action.

Sessions per User

This compares the number of visits with the number of individual users. A higher number can indicate that people are returning to your website rather than visiting once and disappearing.

Engagement Rate

This is the percentage of sessions that qualify as engaged sessions. Rather than simply asking whether someone visited the website, engagement rate helps answer a more useful question: Did they actually do anything once they arrived?

Bounce Rate

This is the percentage of sessions that were not engaged sessions. In GA4, bounce rate is essentially the inverse of engagement rate. If your engagement rate is 70%, for example, your bounce rate would be 30%.

A high bounce rate isn’t automatically bad. Someone may land on a page, immediately find the phone number or information they needed, and leave.

Average Engagement Time

This measures how long your website was actively in use. This is different from simply measuring how long a browser window remained open. GA4 is attempting to measure the time someone was actually engaged with the website or app.

Views

Views represent the number of web pages or app screens users viewed. Unlike users, this metric can count the same person, and the same page, multiple times.

Views per User

This shows the average number of pages or screens viewed by each user. This information can provide additional context about how deeply people are exploring your content.

Scroll

A scroll event can help show whether visitors are making their way through the content on a page. By default, GA4 can record an event when someone reaches approximately 90% of the page, although more detailed scroll-depth tracking can also be configured.

Event

An event is an interaction GA4 records on your website. Events can include actions such as:

  • Viewing a page
  • Clicking certain links
  • Scrolling
  • Starting a session
  • Downloading a file

Some events are collected automatically, while others require additional configuration.

Event Count

This tells you how many times an event occurred. If 100 users collectively trigger a particular event 250 times, the event count is 250, not 100.

Key Event

A key event is an event your organization identifies as particularly important to its goals. Examples might include submitting a contact form, requesting a quote, registering for an event, making a donation, or completing another valuable action.

If you’ve heard these actions referred to as “conversions,” you’re not imagining things! Google has updated its terminology over time, and actions previously identified as conversions within GA4 are now called key events.

Conversion

A conversion represents an important business or marketing outcome. The terminology surrounding conversions has evolved within Google’s measurement and advertising products, but the underlying idea remains important: analytics becomes much more useful when you can connect website activity with meaningful actions.

Landing Page

A landing page is the first page someone views when they arrive on your website. Landing-page reporting can be especially useful because it helps identify which pages are actually bringing people into the site, not simply which pages receive the most views overall.

Page Path

A page path is the portion of a web address that comes after the domain. For example, in:`example.com/services/digital-marketing` the page path is: `/services/digital-marketing`. You’ll frequently encounter page paths when looking at page-level reports in GA4.

Traffic Acquisition

The Traffic Acquisition report shows how website sessions were acquired. It shows how people got to your website during a particular visit.

User Acquisition

The User Acquisition report focuses on how users were originally acquired. It’s easiest to think of the difference this way:

  • User Acquisition: How did we first meet this person?
  • Traffic Acquisition: How did they get here this time?

This distinction becomes important when someone visits your website multiple times through different channels.

Source

This identifies the specific place traffic came from. Examples could include Google, Bing, Facebook, LinkedIn, a newsletter platform, or another website.

Medium

This describes the general method through which that traffic arrived. Common examples include organic, referral, email and paid advertising.

Source / Medium

This combines those two pieces of information to provide a more specific picture of where traffic originated. You might see combinations such as google / organic or newsletter / email.

Default Channel Group

A default channel group is Google’s way of organizing traffic into broader marketing categories. These categories can include, Direct, Referral, Organic Social, Paid Search, Paid Social, Email and others.

UTM Parameters

UTM parameters are tracking information added to the end of a URL to help identify where website traffic came from and which marketing effort generated the visit. You’ll often encounter UTM information when evaluating traffic from email, social media, digital advertising, QR codes, and other campaigns. We’ll take a closer look at how UTMs work, and how to use them consistently, in the next article in this series.

Organic Search

This includes visitors who arrive through unpaid search-engine results. This is one of the primary areas organizations monitor when evaluating SEO performance.

Direct Traffic

This generally represents visits for which GA4 doesn’t have another identifiable source. That can include someone typing your URL into their browser or using a bookmark, but it can also include traffic from links that weren’t properly tagged or otherwise didn’t pass referral information. Because of that, “Direct” doesn’t always mean someone literally typed your website address.

Referral Traffic

Describes any traffic that comes from links on other websites. This might include an industry association, news article, partner website, directory, or another organization linking to your site.

Organic Social

This generally represents unpaid traffic from social media platforms.

Paid Search

This generally represents traffic generated by paid search advertising, such as Google Ads search campaigns.

Paid Social

This represents traffic generated by paid advertising on social platforms such as Meta or LinkedIn.

Email

The Email channel can identify visitors who arrived through links in email campaigns, provided those links are appropriately tagged.

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Putting Ga4 Metrics In Context

Putting GA4 Metrics in Context

The most important thing to understand about GA4 is that no single metric tells the whole story of your website performance.

More users aren’t necessarily better if none of those users engage. A high engagement rate doesn’t necessarily mean a website is generating leads. A page with fewer visitors may be extremely valuable if those visitors consistently take meaningful actions.

Useful reporting comes from connecting the metrics. For example, instead of asking only: “How many people visited the website?” you can begin asking: “Where did those visitors come from, what content brought them in, what did they do once they arrived, and did they take the action we wanted them to take?”

That’s when Google Analytics moves beyond website statistics and becomes a tool for making better marketing decisions.

You Don't Need to Know Every GA4 Metric

GA4 contains hundreds of dimensions, metrics, reports, and configuration options. Most organizations don't need to memorize all of them. The goal is to understand the measurements that connect most directly to your website and marketing objectives, and to make sure your analytics setup is capturing those measurements accurately. 

Understanding the terminology is a good place to start. The next step is making sure your marketing efforts are being tracked in a way that gives GA4 useful information to work with. 

Next in our GA4 series, we'll break down UTM tracking: what UTM parameters are, when to use them, and how a consistent approach can help you get a clearer picture of campaign performance. 

Then, we'll bring it all together by looking at some of the GA4 reports we use to answer common marketing questions, from understanding where website traffic comes from to identifying the pages and campaigns driving meaningful engagement. 

You Don'T Need To Know Every Ga4 Metric
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